US Dollar
Neville Bennett
What is the significance of the weak American dollar? Is the weakness temporary? Is a structural shift occurring? I argue that the dollar has been in decline since 2005, but the present credit crunch is hastening the cession of the US dollar as the major reserve currency. The dollars’ future depends upon how massive exporters like China, Japan, and Saudi Arabia, and newly industrializing countries, deploy their reserves.
The decline of the dollar is partial response to market conditions. Investors note the Federal Reserve’s loosening attitude. Nevertheless, the decline is not due to traditional concerns about the current account deficit.
A weak dollar has unleashed an export boom, which will reduce the deficit from 6.5% of GDP this year to 4-5% next year.
The dollar is under pressure because of growing apprehensions of the economy crashing into recession, and the nervousness of foreign investors because of the dollars poor performance as a reserve currency. The subprime issue seems to get worse daily; there are $900 bn of securitised subprimes in the US, and the default rate may go to 20-25%, inflicting huge losses. The Case-Schiller housing index shows a 5% price fall this quarter. Other credit markets have seized up, and strains are obvious in the car, credit card, and asset-backed commercial paper markets. Only bonds are trusted and the 10- year yield has been bid down to 4%.
The Fed has eased twice since September and is almost certain to ease again soon, possibly on December 11. Europe is not as badly affected by the credit crunch but its bank, like the Fed, has released a flood of liquidity to prevent markets freezing up in the short-term. Recent Fed forecasts reveal that the economy is more threatened than it believed in October, and it is now seriously concerned about a recession.
Lawrence Summers of Harvard argues, "The odds now favour a recession that slows growth significantly on a global scale". He believes the derivative market is pricing in a 25% housing market correction. This would curb dramatically consumer spending. Banks will curb new lending because they have been hit by a perfect storm of declining capital due to mark-to-market losses, involuntary balance sheet expansion, and reduced confidence.
The dollar is also weakened by rising energy costs, Summers says, geopolitical uncertainties (especially in the Middle East), and prospects of lower global growth.
The Euro has surpassed the dollar as the most important currency in international bond markets. International Capital Market data indicates that at the end of 2006, bonds issued in Euro currency denomination was equivalent to US$4,836b., while bonds in US currency amounted to US$3,892. Moreover, last year the value of euro-denominated notes exceeded that of dollar notes for the first time.
The growth of the Euro bond market has many causes. There is the growing tendency of governments to increase their debts. However, the most important cause is a switch by business and financial institutions to bonds rather than their traditional reliance on bank debt. Moreover, the Euro financial zone has increasingly sophisticated and deeper markets, which offers a huge range of excellent products. Several countries already have used the Euro as a reserve, including Russia and Iran.
Most Gulf States contest the traditional links to the US dollar. Kuwait revalued its currency six months ago, and the Governor of the United Arab Emirates is pressing for a revaluation. Saudi Arabia alone defends the dollar link: partly because a shift to the Euro as the reserve currency would devalue Saudi’s existing dollar assets. Its support of the USA is primarily geopolitical.
Geopolitical considerations are jeopardising the US-China relationship. The US Treasury has compromised relations by forceful demands for a significant revaluation of the Chinese currency. Congress threatens to place tariffs on Chinese imports unless the Yuan is revalued by 20-30%. This obsession undermines the US-Chinese relationship, and risks Chinese retaliation through moving its reserves out of the US dollar.
The Chinese government has commenced a retaliatory campaign of threatening to liquidate its enormous holding of US bonds ($900 bn) if the US government imposes trade sanctions. The threats have come from officials, and reported in Chinese papers as a "nuclear" option, meaning a sell-off would cause the dollar to crash. It would also raise US interest rates, pushing the economy into recession.
The renminbi has appreciated 9% over the last years but China is still notching up huge surpluses.
The dollar is now at its weakest point since currencies were floated in 1971. Washington seems rather relaxed about the decline, especially as exports are surging. Other markets are horrified. One problem is that the decline is greater against strong currencies like the Euro. but not moving, of course, against the dollar block of pegged currencies like China and Saudi Arabia. The UK and Europe are forced into painful readjustments. while the dollar bloc is faced with strong inflationary pressures and falling US interest rates.
The Euro zone resents the unwanted surge of international capital which is destabilizing. It is forcing an upward revaluation of the euro which has hit exporters (like Airbus) very hard..
Some downward adjustment of the dollar might be desirable, but its decline in the present context of doubts about the real value of US securities, threatens to over-shoot, and turn into a rout. The world needs orderly change, but the present situation verges on disorder.
Another massive change has occurred this year: a dominant pattern has ruptured. It was the system called Breton Woods 2, whereby newly industrializing countries pegged their currency to the dollar at an undervalued rate. They then invested their export surpluses in US securities. Since June this year, capital inflows have almost dried up according to the US Treasury International Capital system (TIC). In 2005, there was a net capital inflow of $70 bn per month. Since June this year, some months have modest inflows but others were strongly negative. The dollar is on a slippery slope. 